Optical sensor

ABSTRACT

The present invention aims at providing a photodetector capable of fast operation with inclusion of A/D converting circuits. With a photodetector  1 , (K×M×N) photodiodes PD k,m,n  are arranged in M rows and (K×N) columns in a photodetection unit  10 , and processes (electric charge accumulation, CDS, filtering, and A/D conversion) regarding each of the (K×N) photodiodes PD k,m,n  (k=1 to K, n=1 to N) of each row are carried out successively at each time T. Meanwhile, each of an electric charge accumulation operation in an integrating circuit  20   m,n , a CDS operation in a CDS  30   m,n , a filterng operation in a filter circuit  40   m,n , and an A/D conversion oepration in an A/D converter  50   m,n , is carried out at each time N×T).

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a photodetector including a plurality of photodiodes arranged.

BACKGROUND ART

A photodetector is an apparatus comprising a pluralize of photodiodes arranged one-dimensionally or two-diensionally, and an integrating circuit including an amplifier and an integral capacitance part and may further comprise signal processing circuits subsequent thereto (see for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Gazzete No. H4-270960). With this photetetoDr, electric charges of amounts that are in accordance with the intensities of light made incident onto the respective photodiodes are output by the photododes, these electric charges are accumulated in the integrating capacitance elements, and voltages that are in accordance with the amounts of the accumulated electric charges are output from the integrating circuit. Then an A/D converting circuit converts the voltages outputted from the integrating rcuit, into digital values. The pbotodetector is arranged to detect light incident on a photosensitive surface on which a plurality of photodiodes are arranged, based on the digital values outputted from the respective A/D convertng circuits in accordance with amounts of electric charges generated in the respective photodiodes.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

However, such a photodetector is required to improve the processing speed of the A/D converting circuits to high speed in order to implement fast photodetctlon, and an increase of power consumption of the A/D converting circuits will result from the fast operation of the A/D converting circuits with reduction of A/D conversion error. With integraon of many A/D converting circuits, the problem of heat generation will occur with increase in the power consumption of the A/D converting circuits. Therefore, there is a limit to the fast operation of the A/D converting circuits.

The present invention has been accomplished in order to solve the above problem and an object of the invention is to provide a photodetector capable of fast operation with inclusion of A/D converting circuits.

This invention's photodetector comprises: (1) K×M×N) photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) (K being an integer of no less than 2; k being integers of no less than 1 and no more than K; M being an integer of no less than 1; m being integers of no less than 1 and no more than M; N being an integer of no less than 2; and n being integers of no less than 1 and no more than N), each generating electric charges of an amount that is in accordance with an incident light intensity; (2) (M×N) integrating circuits, one of each being provided in correspondence to K photiodes PD_(k,m,n) (k=1 to K) among the (K×M×N) photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) and each successively inputting and accumulating the electric charges generated at the K photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) (k=1 to K) and outputting a voltage that is in accordance wfit the amount of the accumulated electric charges; and (3) A/D converting circuits, each A/D converting circuit being provided in correspondence to one of said (M×N) integrating circuits, and outputtng a digital value according to the voltage outputted from the corresponding integrating circuit

Wlth the photodetector of the present invention, for each value of m and each value of n, the electric charges that are respectively generated in accordance with the incidence of light in K photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) (k=1 to K) are successively input and accumulated in a single integrating circuit and a voltage that is in accordance with the amount of the accumulated electric charges is output from the integrating circuit Then the A/D converting circuit outputs a digital value according to the voltage outputted from the integrating circuit. Therefore, this photodetector is able to achieve fast operation

This invention's photodetector is preferably further equipped with CDS circuits, each being arranged between an integrating circuit and an A/D converting circuit, inputting the voltage output from the integrating circuit, and outputting a voltage expressing the fluctution of the input voltage over a fixed time. In this case, since the voltage output from each integrating circuit is input into a CDS circuit and the voltage expressing the fluctuation of the input voltage over a fixed time is output from the CDS circuit, the fluctuation of the offset of the amplifier of the integrating circuit can be eliminated by the CDS circuit.

With this invention's photodetector, the (K×M×N) photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) are preferably arranged in M rows and (K×N) columns either two-dimensionally (when M=2) or one-dimensionally (when M=1), with each photodiode PD_(k,m,n) being positioned at the position of the m-th row and (n+(k−1)N)-th column. In this case, the processes (electric charge accurnulation and filtering, and where necessary, CDS) concerning the photodiodes can be carried out in the order of alignient in each column for each row.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an overall diagram of a photodetector 1 in accordance with an embodiment

FIG. 2 is a partial diagram of the photodetector 1 in accordance with the embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of photodetector 1 of the embodiment

FIG. 4 is a timing chart for explaining operations of the photodetector 1 in accordance with the embodiment

BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

In the following, embodiments of the present invention will be explained in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the explaation of the drawings, constituents identical to each other will be referred to with numerals identical to each other without repeating their overlapping descriptions.

FIG. 1 is an overall diagram of a photodetector 1 of the embodiment FIG. 2 is apartial diagram of photodetector 1 of the embodiment. The details of a photodetection unit 10, shown in FIG 1 are shown in FIG. 2.

A photodetector 1, which is illustrated in these figures, is equipped with photodetection unit 10, (M×N) integrating circuits 20 _(1,1) to 20 _(M,N), (M×N) CDS circuits 30 _(1,1) to 30 _(M,N), (M×N) filter circuits 40 _(1,1) to 40 _(M,N), (M×N) A/D converers 50 _(1,1) to 50 _(M,N), and a control circuit 60. Photodetection unit 10 has (K×M×N) photodiodes PD_(1,1,1) to PD_(K,M,N) and (K×M×N) switches SW_(1,1,1) to SW_(K,M,N). Here, K indicates an integer no less than 2, M indicates an integer no less than 1, and N indicates an integer no less than 2. Also, in regard to k, m, n, which shall be used below, k indicates integers no less than 1 and no more than K, m indicates integers no less than 1 and no more than M, and n indictes integers no less than 1 and no more than N. In FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, K is set to 2 and M and N are both set to 4.

Each photodiode PD_(k,m,n) generates electric charges of an amount that is in accordance with an incident light intensity and accumulates these electric charges in a junction capacitance portion. These (K×M×N) photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) are arranged at equal intervals in M rows and (K×N) columns either two-dimensionally (when M=2) or one-dimensionally (when M=1). Each photodiode PD_(k,m,n) is positioned at the position of the m-th row and the (n+(k−1)N)-th column. Switches SW_(k,m,n) are provided in a one-to-one correspondence with respect to photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) and are arranged between PD_(k,m,n) and signal lines SL_(M,N). Each set of K photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) (k=1 to K) is connected via the corresponding switches SW_(k,m,n) to a signal line SL_(m,n). Each signal line SL_(m,n) is connected to an input end of an integrating circuit 20 _(m,n). The opening/closing of each set of M switches SW_(k,m,n) (m=1 to M) is controlled together by a control signal output to a control line CL_(k,n) from control circuit 60.

Each of integrating circuits 20 _(m,n) is provided in correspondence to K photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) (k=1 to K), inputs and accumulates the electric charges that are generated respeively at these K photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) (k=1 to K) and arrive successively via switches SW_(k,m,n) and signal line SL_(m,n), and outputs a voltage that is in accordance with the amount of the accumulated electric charges. Each CDS (correlated double sampling) circuit 30 _(m,n) inputs the voltage output from the corresponding integrating circuit 20 _(m,n) and outputs a voltage expressing the fluctuation over a fixed time of this voltage.

Each filter circuit 40 _(m,n) inputs the voltage output from the corresponding CDS cict 30 _(m,n) reduces the thermal noise component conted in this voltage, and outputs the voltage after reduction of the thermal noise component Each filter circuit 40 _(m,n) is preferably a low-pass filter with filter characteristics that can reduce thermal noise components. Each A/D converter 50 _(m,n) inputs the voltage output from the corresponding filter circuit 40 _(m,n), performs A/D conversion of this voltage, and outputs a digital value that is in accordance with this voltage (analog value).

Control circuit 60 outputs control signals for controlling the opening/closing of the respective (K×M×N) switches SW_(1,1,1) to SW_(K,M,N), to control lines CL_(k,n). Control circuit 60 also controls the respective operations of integrating circuits 20 _(m,n), CDS circuts 30 _(m,n), and A/D converters 50 _(m,n).

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of photodetector 1 of the present embodiment For the sake of simplification, just one of each of photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) switches SW_(k,m,n), integrating circuits 20 _(m,n), CDS circuts 30 _(m,n), filer circuits 40 _(m,n), and A/D converters 50 _(m,n) are shown in the figure.

Integrating circuit 20 _(m,n) has an amplifier A₂₀, an integrating capacitance element C₂₀, and a switch SW₂₀. The input terminal of amplifier A₂₀ is connected to signal line SL_(m,n). Integratng capacitance element C₂₀ and switch SW₂₀ are arranged in parallel between the input and output terminal of amplifier A₂₀. The opening/closing of switch SW₂₀ is controlled by control unit 60. When switch SW₂₀ is closed, integrating capacitance element C₂₀ is discharged and the voltage output from integrating circuit 20 _(m,n) is initialized. On the other hand, when switch SW₂₀ is open, the electinc charges arriving via signal line SL_(m,n) are accumulated in the integrating capacitance element C₂₀ and a voltage that is in accordance with the amount of electric charges accumulated in this integrating capacitance element C₂₀ is output from integrating circuit 20 _(m,n).

CDS circuit 30 _(m,n) has an amplifier A₃₀, an integrating capacitance element C₃₁, a junction capacitance element C₃₂, and a switch SW₃₀. The input terminal of amplifier A₃₀ is connected via junction capacitance element C₃₂ to the output terminal of amplifier A₂₀ of integrating circuit 20 _(m,n). Integrating capacitance element C₃₁ and switch SW₃₀ are arranged in parallel between the input and output terminals of amplifier A₃₀. The opening/closing of switch SW₃₀ is controlled by control unit 60. When switch SW₃₀ is closed, integrating capacitance element C₃₁ is discharged and the voltage output from CDS cicuit 30 _(m,n) is initialized. On the other hand, onwards from a time t at which switch SW₃₀ is open, electric charges correspoding to the fluctuation of the voltage output from integrating circuit 20 _(m,n), are accumulated in integrating capacitance element C₃₁ and a voltage that is in accordance with the amount of electric charges accumulated in this integaing capacatance element C₃₁ is output from CDS circuit 30 _(m,n).

Filter circuit 40 _(m,n) has a resistance element R₄₀ and a capacitance element C₄₀. Resistance element R₄₀ is arranged between the input end and the output end of filter circuit 40 _(m,n) and the output end thereof is connected via capacitance element C₄₀ to the ground potential. This filter circuit 40 _(m,n) acts as a low-pass filter and in term of filter characteristics, the cutoff frequency thereof is in accordance with the resistance value of resistance element R₄₀ and the capacitance value of capacitance element C₄₀.

The characteristic values of the respective elements in the circuit diagram shown FIG. 3 are, for example, as follows. That is, the sum of the junction capacitance value C_(d) of photodiode PD_(m,n) and the parasitic capacitance value of signal line SL_(m,n) is 220 pF and the resistance value of signal line SL_(m,n) is 1 kΩ. The capacitance value C_(f) of integrating capacitance element C₂₀ of integrating circuit 20 _(m,n) is 1.25 pF, the frequency bandwidth B of amplifier A₂₀ of integrating circuit 20 _(m,n) is 1 MHz, and the input transistor's transconductance G_(m) of amplifier A₂₀ is 10 mS. The tempature T is 27° C. In this case, the thermal noise V_(n) generated at amplifier A₂₀ of integratng circuit 20 _(m,n) is 1210 μV_(ms). If the capacitance value of capacitance element C₄₀ of filter circuit 40 _(m,n) is 100 pF and the resistance value of resistance element R₄₀ of filter circuit 40 _(m,n) is 20 kΩ, the cutoff frequency of the fihB characteristics of filter circuit 40 _(m,n) will be 0.08 MHz and the thermal noise component contained in the voltage output from filter circuit 40_(m,n) will be reduced to 724 μV_(ms).

The operations of the photodetector 1 of the present embodiment shall now be described The photodetector 1 of the present embodiment operates as descnbed below under the control of control unit 60. FIG. 4 is atimig chart illutraing the operations of photodetector 1 of the present embodimnent With this photoeetector 1, the first row to the M-th row operate in parallel.

In this figure, the opening/closing of switch SW_(1,m,1), the opening/closing of switch SW_(1,m,2), the opeeing/closing of switch SW_(1,m,3), the opening/closing of switch SW_(1,m,4), the opening/closing of switch SW_(2,m,1), the opening/closing of switch SW_(2,m,2), the opening/closing of switch SW_(2,m,3), and the opening/closing of switch SW_(2,m,4) are shown in that order from the top. Thereafter, the output voltage of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1), the output voltage of integrating cicuit 20 _(m,2), the output voltage of integratng circuit 20 _(m,3), the output voltage of integrating circuit 20 _(m,4), the output voltage of filter cicuit 40 _(m,1), the output voltage of filter circuit 40 _(m,2), the output voltage of filter circuit 40 _(m,3), the output voltage of filter circuit 40 _(m,4), the output digital value of A/D converter 50 _(m,1), the output digital value of A/D converter 50 _(m,2), the output digital value of A/D converter 50 _(m,3), and the output digital value of A/D converter 50 _(m,4) are shown.

Also as shown in this figure, the operations of photodetector 1 are divided into the eight periods of T_(1,1), T_(1,2), T_(1,3), T_(1,4), T_(2,1), T_(2,2), T_(2,3), and T_(2,4) that cycle. The duration T of each of these periods T_(k,n) is fixed. Switch SW_(1,m,1) is closed during period T_(1,1), switch SW_(1,m,2) is closed dung period T_(1,2), switch SW_(1,m,3) is closed during period T_(1,3), switch SW_(1,m,4) is closed during period T_(1,4), switch SW_(2,m,1) is closed duing pod T_(2,1), switch SW_(2,m,2) is closed during period T_(2,2), switch SW_(2,m,3) is closed during period T_(2,3), and switch SW_(2,m,4) is closed during period T_(2,4). Subsequently, such opening and closing of the switches are repeated.

Switch SW_(1,m,1) is closed during period T_(1,1). Also, prior to this period T_(1,1), switch SW₂₀ of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) closes once and then opens and the output voltage of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) is thereby initialized. When switch SW_(1,m,1) closes, the electric charges generated in photodiode PD_(1,m,1) and accumulated in the juncion capacitance portion until then are input via switch SW_(1,m,1) and signal line SL_(m,1) into integrting circuit 20 _(m,1) and become accumulated in integrating capacitance element C₂₀ of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) and a voltage that is in accordance with the amount of the accumulated electric charges is output from integrating circuit 20 _(m,1). After period T_(1,1), the output voltage of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) is held until period T_(1,3), and when switch SW₂₀ of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) closes at period T_(1,4), the output voltage of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) is initialized.

The output voltage of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) is input into CDS circuit 30 _(m,1). From this CDS circuit 30 _(m,1), is output a voltage that is in accordance with the amount of fluctuation of the output voltage of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) in the fixed duration from period T_(1,1) to T_(1,2). The output voltage of CDS circuit 30 _(m,1) is input into filter circuit 40 _(m,1) and the thermal noise component is reduced. However, due to the filter charactiscs of filter circuit 40 _(m,1), the output voltage waveform of filter circuit 40 _(m,1) is dulled in comparison to the output voltage waveform of CDS circuit 30 _(m,1).

At the point at which the output voltage of filter circuit 40 _(m,1) is stble, this voltgeis A/D converted by A/D converter 50 _(m,1), and a digital value is output from A/D converter 50 _(m,1) in period T_(1,3). The digital value that is output from A/D converter 50 _(m,1) in period T_(1,3) is in accordance with the amount of electric charges that have moved from the junction capacitance portion of photodiode PD_(1,m,1) to integrating capacitance element C₂₀ of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) and thus in accordance with the intensity of light incident on photodiode PD_(1,m,1) in period T_(1,1).

Switch SW_(2,m,1) is closed dung period T_(2,1). Prior to this period T_(2,1), switch SW₂₀ of intemg circuit 20 _(m,1) closes once and then opens and the output voyage of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) is thereby initialized. When switch SW_(2,m,1) closes, the electric charges generated in photodiode PD_(2,m,1) and accumulated in the juntion capacitance portion until then are input via switch SW_(2,m,1) and signal line SL_(m,1) into integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) and are accumulated in integrating capacitance element C₂₀ of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) and a voltage that is in accordance with the amount of the accumulated electric charges is output from integrating circuit 20 _(m,1). After period T_(2,1), the output voltage of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) is held until period T_(2,3), and when switch SW₂₀ of integratng circuit 20 _(m,1) closes at period T_(2,4), the output voltage of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) is initialized.

The output voltage of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) is input into CDS circuit 30 _(m,1). From this CDS circuit 30 _(m,1) is output a voltage that is in accordance with the amount of fluctuation of the output voltage of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) in the fixed duration from period T_(2,1) to T_(2,2). The output voltage of CDS circuit 30 _(m,1) is input into filter circuit 40 _(m,1) and the thermal noise component is reduced. However, due to the filter characteristics of filter circuit 40 _(m,1), the output voltage waveform of filter circuit 40 _(m,1) is dulled in comparson to the output voltage waveform of CDS circuit 30 _(m,1).

At the point at which the output voltage of filter circuit 40 _(m,1) is stable, this voltage is A/D converted by A/D converter 50 _(m,1), and a digital value is output from A/D converter 50 _(m,1) in period T_(2,3). The digital value that is output from A/D converter 50 _(m,1) in perod T_(2,3) is in accordance with the amount of electric charges that have moved from the junction capacitance portion of photodiode PD_(2,m,1) to integrating capacitance element C₂₀ of integrating circuit 20 _(m,1) and thus in accordance with the intensity of light incident on photodiode PD_(2,m,1) in period T_(2,1).

In the above, the operations of switch SW_(1,m,1), switch SW_(2,m,1), integrating circuit 20 _(m,1), CDS circuit 30 _(m,1), filter circuit 40 _(m,1), and A/D converter 50 _(m,1), that is, the operations in the case where n is 1 was described For n=2 to 4, the same rations are carried out with the timing of the operations being shifted.

A digital value that is in accordance with the intensity of light incident on photodiode PD_(1,m,1) is thus output in period T_(1,3), a digital value that is in accordance with the intensity of light incident on photodiode PD_(1,m,2) is output in period T_(1,4), a digital value that is in accordance with the intensity of light incident on photodiode PD_(1,m,3) is output in period T_(2,1), a digital value that is in accordance with the intensity of light incident on photodiode PD_(1,m,4) is output in period T_(2,2), a digital value that is in accordance with the intensity of light incident on photodiode PD_(2,m,1) is output in penod T_(2,3), a digial value that is in accordance with the intensity of light incident on photodiode PD_(2,m,2) is output in period T_(2,4), a digital value that is in accordance with the intensity of light incident on photodiode PD_(2,m,3) is output in the subsequent period T_(1,1), and a digital value that is in accordance with the intensity of light incident on photodiode PD_(2,m,4) is output in period T_(1,2).

As described above, with photodetector 1 of the present embodiment, (K×M×N) photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) are arged in M rows and (K×N) columns in photodetection unit 10, and processes (electric charge accumulation, CDS, filtering, and A/D conversion) regarding the (K×N) photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) (k=1 to K, n=1 to N) of each row are carried out successively at each time T. Meanwhile, each of the electic charge accumulation operation in integrating circuit 20 _(m,n), the CDS operation in CDS circuit 30 _(m,n), the filtering operation in filter circuit 40 _(m,n), and the A/D conversion opration in A/D converter 50 _(m,n) is carried out at each time N×T).

In the photodetector 1 of the present embodiment, each A/D converting circuit 50 _(m,n) is arranged to perform the processing at intervals of the time (N×T) only, which moderates the demand for fast processing on the A/D converting circuit 50 _(m,n) and thus suppresses increase of power consumption in the A/D converting circuit 50 _(m,n).

The filter circuit 40 _(m,n) reduces the thermal noise component included in the voltage outputted from the integrating circuit 20 _(m,n). Although the voltage waveform from the filter circuit 40 _(m,n) becomes duller, the operation from the charge accumulation in the integrating circuit 20 _(m,n) to the A/D conversion in the A/D converting circuit 50 _(m,n) is performed at intervals of the time (N×T), and the A/D converting circuit 50 _(m,n) performs the A/D conversion at the point of time when the voltage from the filter circuit 40 _(m,n) becomes stable. Therefore, this photodetector 1 is able to improve the S/N ratio of photodetection while maintaining the fast operation of photodetector. Since the improvement in the S/N to of photodetection is achieved without increase in the transconductance G_(m) of the input transistor of the amplifier A₂₀ in the intergrating circuit 20 _(m,n), an increase is suppressed in the power consumption of the amplifier A₂₀, and the problem of heat generation is also reduced in this respect.

Also, since by the provision of CDS circuit 30 _(m,n), the offset fiatuation of amplifier A₂₀ of integrating circuit 20 _(m,n) is eliminate by CDS circuit 30 _(m,n), the S/N ratio of photodetection is improved from this point as well. Though CDS cirit 30 _(m,n) also contains amplifier A₃₀, the thermal noise generated at this amplifier A₃₀ is minute in comparison to the thermal noise generated at amplfier A₂₀ included in integrating circuit 20 _(m,n).

Furthermore, since (K×M×N) photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) are ranged in M rows and (K×N) columns, each photodiode PD_(k,m,n) is positioned at the position of the m-th row and the (n+k−1)N)-th column, and the processes (electric charge accumulation, CDS, filtering, and A/D conversion) regarding photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) are carried out in the order of alignment in each column for each row, the storage and image processing of the photodetection data obtained by the photodetector 1 are facilitated.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

As has been described in detail above, with the photodetector of the prese invention, for each value of m and each value of n, the eleccic charges that are respectively generated in accordance with the incidence of light in K photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) (k=1 to K) are successively input and accumulated in a single integrating circuit and a voltage that is in accordance with the amount of the accumulated electric charges is output from the integrating circuit. Then the A/D converting circuit outputs a digital value according to the voltage outtputted from the integrating circuit. Therefore, this photodetector is able to perform fast operation. 

1. A photodetector comrising: (K×M×N) photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) (K being an integer of no less than 2; k being integers of no less than 1 and no more than K, M being an integerof no less than 1; m being integers of no less than 1 and no more than M; N being an integer of no less than 2; and n being integers of no less than 1 and no more than N), each generating an electric charge by an amount corresponding to an intensity of light incident thereon; (M×N) tegrting circuits, one of each being provided in correspondence to K photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) (k=1 to K) among the (K×M×N) photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) and each successively inputting and accumulating the electric charges generated at the K photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) (k=1 to K) and outputting a voltage that is in accordance with the amount of the accumulated electric charges; and A/D converting circuits, each A/D converting circuit being provided in correspondence to one of said (M×N) integrating circuits, and ouputting a digital value according to the voltage outputted from the corresponding integrating circuit.
 2. The photodetector according to claim 1, further comprising CDS circuits, each being arranged between said integrating circuit and said A/D converting circuit, inputting the voltage output from the integrating circuit, and outputting a voltage expressing the fluctuation of the input voltage over a fixed time.
 3. The photodetector according to claim 1, wherein the (K×M×N) photodiodes PD_(k,m,n) are arranged in M rows and (K×N) colum either two-dimensionally (when M=2) or one-dimensionally (when M=1), with each photodiode PD_(k,m,n) being positioned at the position of the m-th row and (n+(k−1)N)-th column. 